쉔부른 궁전(Schloss Schönbrunn)(3). 빈(Wien, Vienna)

쉔부른 궁전(Schloss Schönbrunn)(3).

빈(Wien, Vienna). 오스트리아(Austria)

 

---

Joseph I to Maria Theresa & Joseph II

Joseph I was an adherent of the early Enlightenment. In contrast to his father Leopold I he preferred to work in concert with his advisers & referred to himself as 'first among equals,' His early death led to his younger brother Charles becoming Holy Roman Emperor & ruler over the Habsburg lands.

 

Charles, who had grow up on Spain, assumed the reins of government as Charles VI. In 1713 he promulgated a law that was intended     he division of the Habsburg      & the secession of any of the Austrian hereditary lands. Known as the Pragmatic Sanction, this document also ensured the female succession, with the result that Charles's elder daughter, Maria Theresa became monarch of the Austrian hereditary lands upon his death.

 

When Maria Theresa assumed the regency in Austria   of her father in 1740, she was forced to defend her inheritance against France & Prussia. After years of warfare, with    & defeats on all sides, Maria Theresa ultimately lost the rich province of Silesla together with other smaller territories to her arch-enemy, Frederick of Prussia. In return she received the Prussian monarch's support & recognition in the election of her husband, Franz Stephan of Lorranine, as Holy Roman Emperor in 1745, and of her son & heir Joseph nearly twenty years later in 1764

 

In keeping with Habsburg tradition Maria Theresa married off many of her sixteen children for political considerations. She took the first steps towards modernising the administration & the judiciary, abolishing torture & introducing compulsory universal primary education

 

After the death of her husband, she ruled over the Austrian hereditary lands for fifteen years as co-regent with her son Joseph II, who was simultaneously Holy Roman Emperor. Joseph's reign saw the abolition of the death penalty, the abolition of serfdom, the tolerance edict & the provision of care for the poor & mentally sick. He used his personal inheritance of 22 million gulden (around EUR 800 million) to pay off the national debt & to fund the construction of the General Hospital in Vienna. His attempts to initiate reforms in the policies of the Holy Roman Empire failed & made him numerous enemies.

 

 

Joseph I. 1700

 

Recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction by the Lower Austrian Estates. 1720

 

Empress Maria Theresa in a rose-coloured gown.

Oil painting by Martin van Meytens, c. 1760/64

 

Emperor Franz I. Stephan

Oil painting 1770

 

Emperor Joseph II

Lithograph by Schlesinger, c. 1850

 

Vienna General Hospital with the 'Fools Tower.'

Coloured copperplate engraving. 1787

---

Schonbrunn in the time of widowhood

The sudden death of Emperor Franz I Stepha in 1765 was followed by a new phase of decoration in the palace in which several of the rooms the imperial couple had shared were transformed into memorial rooms with precious Chinese lacquer panels & costly tropical hardwoods.

The palace & its gargens were more or less completed by 1770, although Schonbrunn Hills, rising behind the Great Parterre, was as yet merely a clearing in the forest, After considering elaborate plans by ther court architect Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg (1733-1816), which the dowager empress discussed in numerous letters with her daughter Marie Antoinette, the French queen, Maria Theresa decided on a simplified solution for this new part of the gardens, with the Neptune Fountain at the foot of the hill & the Gloriette on its crest.

The laying out of Schonbrunn Hill was carried out in tandem with the redesigning of the Great Parterre, Here mythological figures executed by Johann Wilhelm Beyer & his workshop were placed along the lateral clipped hedges. At the same time several architectural features were erected in the park, including the Roman Ruin, the Obelisk Fountain & the eponymous "Schoner Brunnen" or "Fair Spring".

By 1780, the final year of Maria Theresa's life, all the work had been completed, & one year previously the park & gardens with the exception of the Privy Gardens had been opened to the general public.

 

 Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg. 1790

 

 Das Grobe Parterre und der Schonbrunner Berg. Zeichnung von Carl Schutz nach Entwurf von Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf von Hohenberg; um 1772

 

 Maria Theresia mit dem Gartenplan von Schonbrunn.

Ausschnitt aus Gemalde von Anton von Maron; 1775

 

 Gloriette. Photograph Alexander Koller.

 

 Neptunbrunnen, Detail. Photograph Allexander Koller.

 

 

 

 

---

Leopold II to the end of the Monarchy

 

The younger brother of Joseph II, Emperor Leopold II ruled for only two years. His early death spelled the end for the polities of reform, as his son and successor Franz turned towards conservatism. The first years of Emperor Franz II's reign were overshadowed by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Though a conscientious and hard-working monache, he tended to hamper rather than advance the affairs of state.

 

With the princes of the Holy Roman Empire increasingly siding with Napoleon, he proclaimed the Empire of Austria 1n 1804, and in 1806 dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, thus ending its existence after more than a thousand years. His new title was to be inherited by each ruler from the House of Austria, without affecting the constitution of the individual hereditary lands. Under his rule as Franz I of Austria a powerful police were developed with its own system of spies and informants that assumed more alarming proportions during the reign of this son and successor Ferdinand I under the aegis of the state chancellor Prince Celemens von Metternich. During the revolution in 1848 Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his eighteen-year-old nephew Franz Joseph.

 

The early years of Emperor Franz Joseph's reign were marked by military defeats. Austria lost its dominant position in Germany and Italy as well as numerous allies to the east and west. Clumsy diplomacy led to Russia becoming a powerful adversay. Bismarck exploited the situation and persuaded Franz Joseph to enter into an alliance with Germany, thus creating a relationshop of dependency that lasted until the end of the First World War. The Compromise with Hungary in 1867 gave privileges to ethnic Germans and Magyars, provoking a struggle for dominance among the peoples of the monarchy.

 

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne, in Sarajevo in 1914 led to the outbreak of the First World War, with one declaration of war triggering another. When Emperor Franz Joseph died at Schonbrunn in 1916 he left the throne to his great-nephew Karl at a point when the eventual collapse of the monarchy was already on the horizon.

 

On 11 November 1918 Karl renounced all participation in the affairs of government, thus ending the monarchy in Austria.

 

Kaiser Franz I. von Osterreich

mit den osterreichischen Kroninsignien.

Emperor Franz I of Austria

with the Austrian crown insignia.

Coloured litograph by H. Schlesinger, 1850s

 

Emperor Franz Joseph in the full dress uniform

of an Austrian field marshal.

Oil painting by Franz Rub. 1863

 

The German princes paying tribute to Emperor Franz Joseph

on the occasion of his 60th jubilee in 1908.

Coloured print after a painting by Franz Matsch, 1908

 

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,

heir to the throne, and his wife on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo.

Contemporary newspaper, 1914

 

Kaiser Karl I. von Osterreich.

Lichtdruck nach historischer Photographie von Kosel

Emperor Karl I of Austria

Phototype after a vintage photography by Kosel

 

 

Document signed by Emperor Karl I on II November 1918,

renouncing all participation in the affairs of government Copy of the last original.

---

 

 

크게 보기