Museo Nacional De Arqueologia(5). 리마(Lima)

Museo Nacional De Arqueologia(5). 리마(Lima). 페루(Peru)

<Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Antropologia e Historia del Peru>

 

 

 

 

 

 

El Paso Del Tiempo A Través

De Los Objetos

Chronology Through The Objects

 Archaeologists have identified four development phases based on the study of Paracas objects:

 

Early Paracas (800-550 BC), during which pottery displayed carved and painted decorations. Pottery and textiles show influence from Chavin, evidenced on the representation of felines and the "God of Staffs" (Dios de los Baculos).

 

Mid-Paracas (550-400 BC) is characterized by the appearance of members of the highest hierarchical levels of society represented particularly on bottles. This suggest the emergence of local elites. Textiles display images with geometrical lines.

 

Late-Paracas (400-250 BC) pottery is characterized by te appearance of the "Oculate Being:(Dios Oculado), a character with large, round eyes, holding heads in its hands. Vessels were modelled in a naturalistic style. Textiles also display geometrical lines.

 

The Final Phase (250 BC-200AC), or Paracas - Nasca Transition, presented an abandonment of carved and painted pottery, in favor of smooth vessels. Embrroidered naturalistic images on textiles started replacing geometrical lines.

 

 

 

 

Textile Depicting a Bird and a Plant.

Ocucaje, Mid-Paracas

 

 

 

Unku, or Shirt Displaying Geometrical Designs

Ocucaje. Late Paracas

 

 

 

El Descubrimiento De Las Tumbas

The Discovery of The Tombs

In 1911, the antique merchants of Lima began offering old and impressive textiles from Ica. After seeing them in 1913, Julio C. Tello started a patient search in order to find their origin. In July, 1925, Tello, with Samuel Lothrop, started exploring the outskirts of Pisco and Paracas. While at site, he convinced a huaquero named Quintana into showing him the place where he had exhumed those outstanding fabrics, which, until that moment, were considered to be Nasca. Tello then arrived in the Paracas peninsula and, after conducting excavations on the cemeteries, concluded that Paracas pre-dated Nasca.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

La Textileria Paracas Necrópolis

Tardio (100 A.C - 200 D.C.)

Late Paracas Necropolis Textile Work (100 B.C.-200 A.C.)

 During the Final Phases, Necropolis populations development an embroidery style called "color block" This style used camelid fiber woven into highly colorful, naturalistic motifs.

 

Plain fabric and embroidery became the predominating garment-confectioning technique, while flat braid was preferred for head-dresses.

 

Male garments included cloaks, unkus (some of them with tassels on the sleeves), capes, and sometimes, tabards.

Ñañacas and turbans were usually worn as head decoration.

 

 

 

El Cuerpo Humano Y Practica Cultural

Cultural Practices and The Human Body

Human remains form the Peninsula's cemeteries have allowed us to understand different aspects related to the Paracas people's physical characteristics, health, surgical knowledge, and cultural practices that modified their bodies' shape and appearance.

 

The Paracas peoples stood at 1.50 and 1.60 meters in height (4'10"-5'2"). Coastal populations had health problems related to activities such as fishing and diving, while peasants had issues with anaemia. Cranial trepanations, many of which were successful, reveal a high degree of cranial surgery knowledge.

 

Regarding body modification, cranial modification is noteworthy. This procedure would have had to be performed during childhood and resulted in different types of skull (tabular, annular, bilobate, or cuneiform), which may have been related to different social standings. Body appearance was also modified through tattooing and painting, probably as a rite of passage.

 

Trepanaciones Craneanas

Cranial Trepanations

Among the studied cranial trepanations, Paracas Cavernas male adults comprise most of the cases. This is especially noticeable in skulls displaying cuneifrom modeling. Such a phenomenon could be an indication of a socially conflictive era.

 

Paracas surgeons managed to transform obsidian and metal into specialized instruments for their work. Displaying vast anatomical knowledge, surgeons were able to perform without compromising important vessels. They were also skilled enough to manipulate the intervened skull. In some cases gold sheets were used for replacing missing pieces of skull.

 

 

Male Skull Displaying Trepanning Covered with a Gold Sheet.

Wan Kayan Cemetery. Final Phase

 

Técnicas De Trepanación Craneana

Cranial Trepanation Techniques

Por Taladro Y Corte

Drill and Cut

Surgeons proceeded to drill small orifices in line around a circular or oval area, which would be later removed. The dents observed around the affected area are evidence of the performance of this technique.

 

Paracas surgeons may hanve used bone and obsidian burins in order to drill into the bone. Such a process was achieved through continuously screwing into the skull with the surgical instruments. The intervened skull portion was finally separated, possibly using a stone or metal chisel.

 

Por Raspado

Scraping

 

 

 

 

 

Cotton Pad Used in Skull Modeling.

Chongos. Late Paracas

 

 

Tipos De Modificación

Types of Modification

Modelado Bilobular

Bilobular modeling

This type was achieved by placing a cotton- or wool- filled tablet on the occipital portion and wrapping it in a sash toward the forehead, which resulted in a shortened skull. This technique was probably used together with cribs such as the ones Tello and Engel discovered in Paracas. This type of modeling was common among Paracas Cavernas populations.

 

 

 

Cueniform Modeling

With tablets and pads applied on the forehead and back of the head, this modeling type display a conical or truncated cone shape. Most cranial trepanation cases were found in this modelng type, which was also very common among Paracas Cavernas peoples.

 

 

 

Tabulate Modeling

This type displays an extended frontal porton and a dent in the middle section of the skull. The shape was achieved by placing a circular belt and cotton pads on the frontal and occipital areas. This was the most common type used among Paracas Necropolis populations.

 

 

Annular modeling

WIth compression applied around the head with sashes and llauto, the resulting shape was rather cylindrical. By placing the roping in different positions, the technique provided a certain degree of variability among individuals.

 

 

 

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