치첸잇사(치첸이트사. Chichen Itza)

치첸잇사(Chichén Itzá). 멕시코(Mexico)

http://www.chichenitza.com/

 

마야최대의 유적지

칸쿤에서 205km 거리로, 3시간 30분정도 걸리는 유카탄 반도의 중앙에 있으며 마야 최대의 유적지이다. 칸쿤에서의 1일 관광이 가능하며 마야인의 천문학 기술을 보여주는 피라밋 엘까스띠요와 비취유물등이 볼거리이다. 피라밋의 내부를 매일 2회 일반인에게 공개하므로 시간을 맞춰서 가는 것이 좋다. 일일 관광 코스를 이용하면 점심을 포함하여 약 US$56 정도이다.

Chichen Itza내에 있는 Ballcourt는 165m의 길이이며, Mesoamerica에서 가장 규모가 크다. Ballcourt에서는 Ballgame이라는 경기가 이루어졌는데, 이것은 종교 의식의 의미를 지녔다. 두 팀은 경기장 벽에 높이 달아놓은 링에 고무공을 통과 시키기 위해 상대방과 경쟁을 해야 했는데, 지는 팀은 결국 죽음을 당하게 되었다. Ballcourt는 거의 모든 전-콜롬비아 (Pre-Columbian)유적지에서 발견되며 그 중에서 가장 큰 것이 Chichen Itza의 것이다.

El Castillo(The Castle)는 24m 높이의 피라미드이며, Kukulcan(마야의 Quetzalcoatl 신)을 위해 지어졌다. 완벽한 천문학적인 디자인을 갖추고 있는 이 피라미드는, 4면에 4개의 계단이 있으며, 계단들은 각각 91층으로 이루어져 있고, 맨 꼭대기 중앙에 있는 한 층이 더해져서 총 계단의 수가 365개가 된다. 4개의 계단은 45도로 상승하기 때문에 각 계단에는 사람들이 잡고 올라가도록 긴 쇠사슬이 놓여져 있다. 북쪽을 향하고 있는 계단 아래 부분에는 2개의 뱀 머리가 조각되어 있는데, 이것은 Kukulcan을 상징하고 있다. 피라미드 꼭대기에 있는 작은 신전에는 Chacmool이 있는데, 이것은 반쯤 누워있는 조각상으로 배에는 돌그릇이 놓여져 있다. (돌 그릇에는 제물이 놓여졌을 거라고 추측된다.) 이 조각상은 거의 모든 마야 유적지에서 발견된다.

The Tzompantli 는 낮은 단으로 4 면에는 이를 드러내는 해골들이 조각되어 있다. 이 단에는 제물로 바쳐졌던 희생자들의 머리가 놓여졌을 거라 추측된다.

Chichen Itza, meaning “at the mouth of the Itza well”, is a Mayan City on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, between Valladolid and Merida. It was established before the period of Christopher Colombus and probably served as the religion center of Yucatan for a while.

Today it is the second most visited site of Mexico. Apart from one of the new seven wonders of the world; The Kukulkan Pyramid.

Chichen Itza was one of the greatest Mayan centers of the Peninsula of Yucatan. Throughout its nearly 1,000 years history, different peoples have left their mark on this city. The Maya and Toltec vision of the world and the universe is revealed in their artistic works and stone monuments. Several buildings have survived.
In the northern region of the Yucatan peninsula, on a limestone plateau lie the relics of Chichen Itza, once one of the most powerful cities of the Maya. Ruins of the temples of this ancient civilization spread from the Guatemala jungles to the Yucatan. Today, Chichen Itza attracts millions of visitors who come to marvel at the spectacular remains.

The Maya originated around 3,000 years ago in present-day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize and Mexico.
The Mayan empire flourished in the southern regions from around 250 AD to 900 AD. The empire in the south collapsed around 900 AD. No one knows the reason.
Scholars have suggested, among other reasons, disease, political upheaval, overpopulation or drought. But while the empire in the south waned, that in the north, especially in the Yucatan, flourished until the Spanish conquests of the 16th century AD.
The Maya were very skilled farmers and also created a very sophisticated written language; some think it might have been the first written language native to the Americans.
The Maya also developed social class system which was a well-ordered and carried on trade throughout a network of cities that went as far south as Panama and as far north as Central Mexico. Mathematicians, their number system included the concept of zero, an idea unknown to the old Greeks, expert mathematicians themselves.
The Maya used their mathematical knowledge along with celestial observations to finesse a calendar created by the Olmec which is a culture from the Mexican Gulf Coast and to create monuments to observe and commemorate movements of the moon, the sun, and Venus.
Spectacular examples of these monuments can still be seen at Chichen Itza today

마야 달력 (Mayan Calendars)

When we talk about the Mayan Calendar, it is better to talk about a calendaric system where you have several different techniques to date a day.
Mayans did not have a single calendar to use, but they characterized the date based on different kinds of calendars that they designed. They mostly focused on the Tzolkin, the divine calendar, where a year is equal to 260 days.
The civil calendar Haab was more likely to our calendars that we use today. Haab calculated a year as 365 days. Mayans used the Venus cycle as a kind of a sign to show them the right day to organise, and the Long Count is similar to the Julian Calendar.

Here is how a Mayan date looks like:

Lets say today is :24.11.2009:
The Mayan date eqivalent is 12 . 19 . 16 . 15 . 17, 12 Caban, 15 Ceh.
12 . 19 . 16 . 15 . 17 is the Long Count date.
12 Caban is the Tzolkin date.
15 Ceh is the Haab date.

This calendaric system that the Mayans founded and created is the outcome of strong observation, calculation and hard work.
Today we still don’t know how Mayans knew about the planets, the space and the stars and how they were so progresssed in astronomy.

마야 숫자 (Mayan Numerals)

Mayan Numeral system was created based on simple daily life issues. In contrast to the decimal system that we use today, Mayan numerals are based on a vigesimal numeral system which means that the system was taking number twenty as base rather than ten. Mayan Numeral system was created based on simple daily life issues. There are three main symbols for making up the numbers: zero which is shown with a shell shape, one which is symbolized with a dot, and five which is a simple horizontal bar. It is believed that the symbols were created by having the inspiration of fresh beans as the fresh beans have maximum 5 beans inside the skin. The skin would be resembled to the bar and each bean as dots. As an example, if you would want to write 13, you would make two horizontal bars up to each other with a three horizontal dots above the bars.

NUMBERS AFTER 19 As the numeral system is based on twenty and its powers, numbers after 19 are written vertically from 1s, going up to 20s, 400s, 8000s, 160.000s …

Mayan names of numbers from 0 to 20: 0 Xix im                                                   1 Hun 2 Caa                                                      3 Ox 4 Can                                                      5 Hoo 6 Uac                                                      7 Uuc 8 Uaxac                                                   9 Bolon 10 Lahun                                                 11 Buluc 12 Lahca                                                  13 Oxlahun 14 Canlahun                                              15 Hoolahun 16 Uaclahun                                              17 Uuclahun 18 Uaxaclahun                                            19 Bolonlahun 20 Hun kal

 

 

 

 

Chichén Itzá

Zona Arqueológica

Patrimonio Cultural

De Yucatán, de la Nación y de la Humanidad

Gracias por tu Visita

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

  

 

 

 

 

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