몽생미셀 수도원(Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey) 안내

몽생미셀 수도원(Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey) 안내. 프랑스(France)

Mont-Saint-Michel (몽생미셀)

 

http://www.ot-montsaintmichel.com/index.htm?lang=en

History

The long history of Mont-Saint-Michel is thought to date back to 708, when Aubert, Bishop of

Avranches, had a sanctuary built on Mont-Tombe in honour of the Archangel. The mount soon

became a major focus of pilgrimage. In the 10th century, the Benedictines settled in the abbey,

while a village grew up below its walls. By the 14th century it extended as far as the foot of the

rock. An impregnable stronghold during the Hundred Years War, Mont-Saint-Michel is also an

example of military architecture. Its ramparts and fortifications resisted all the Engligh assaults and

as a result the Mount became a symbol of national identity.

 

 

Following the dissolution of the religious community during the Revolution and until 1863 the

abbey was used as a prison. Classified as a historic monument in 1874, it underwent major

restoration work. Since then, work has gone on regularly all over the site. The result is that

visitors can now experience the splendour of the abbey that the people of the Middle Ages

regarded as a representation of the heavenly Jerusalem on earth, an image of Paradise.

Mont-Saint-Michel has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1979.

 

Following the guide

1. Lower Floor

Lower floor

Having crossed the Guard room I, the fortified entrance to the abbey, the visitor climbs the

stairs known as the Grand Degré 2 up to the Saut-Gaultier terrace.

You then walk between the church, on the right, and the abbey buildings, on the left, linked by

suspended passageways. These buildings, put up between the 14th and 16th centuries,

were the stately residence of the abbots

 

 

2. Upper Floor

Upper floor

The west terrace 3 consists of the original parvis of the abbey church and the first three bays

of the nave destroyed in the 18th century following a fire. The classical facade was rebuilt in

1780. From here you have a general view over the bay, from the rock of Cancale, the to west

and in Brittany, to the cliffs of Normandy to the east. You can also make out two granite

massifs, Mont-Dol inland to the south west and the isle of Tombelaine to the north. Out to sea,

you can see the archipelago of the Iles Chausey, source of the granite from which the abbey

was built.

Finally, the terrace offers a unique view of the Neogothic spire of the church tower built in 1897

with the gilded copper statue of Saint Michael on top.

 

Built in the early decades of the year 1000, the abbey church 4 was constructed on the top of

the rock, eighty metres above sea level, on a platform eighty metres long. The nave has an

elevation on three levels :

arches, galleries and tall windows.

 

The structure of the nave is covered with a wood-panelled barrel vault *. The Romanesque

chancel, which collapsed in 1421, was rebuilt after the Hundred Years War in flamboyant Gothic

style.

* Wood-panelled barrel vault : Vault lined with wooden panels.

 

 

The visit continues through the cloister 5.

This gallery which provided communication between the various buildings, was a place of prayer

and meditation.  Processions were held here during religious festivals. The cloister is situated at

the top of a buildin known as the Merveille built at the beginning of the 13th century. It gives

access to the refectory, kitchen, church, dormitory, cartulary and to various stairways.

To the west, the central bay, looking out over the sea, ws to have given access to a chapter

house that was never built.

The galleries of the cloister have been constructed to make them light in weight. A double row

of small columns, slightly out of line, creates ever-changing views.

 

In the refectory 6, the monks took their meals in silence, whilst one of them gave a reading from the pulpit on the south wall. The side walls of this room have narrow windows invisible from

the entrance.

 

 

3. Middle Floor

Middle floor

 

A stairway takes you to the Guests' Hall 7, which is exactly beneath the refectory. This was

designed for receiving royalty and nobility.

 

The visit continues by entering the great pillared crypt 8. This crypt was built in the mid 15th

century to support the Gothic chancel of the abbey church.

 

You then come to the Saint Martin crypt 9, built after the year 1000 to serve as a foundation

for the south arm of the transept* of the abbey church. This crypt has a vault whith an

impressive nine-metre span.

 

  * Transept : The transverse arm of a church between the nave and chancel.

  * Ossuary or charnel house : A building or vault in which human bones exhumed

                                       from a churchyard are preserved

 

From the Saint Martin crypt a small passage leads to the enormous wheel that occupies the

former monks' ossuary* 10. This wheel was installed around 1820 in order to hoist provisions

to the prisoners held in the abbey when it was turned into a prison. It is a replica of the pulleys

used for hoisting building materials in the Middle Ages.

 

The Saint Etienne chapel 11 is situated between the infirmary which collapsed in the early

19th century, and the monks' ossuary. This was of course the chapel of the dead

 

You then take the north-south stairs 12 that run below the west terrace. This is the main axis

of circulation of the Romanesque monastery.

 

It opens onto the covered walk 13, a long room with a double nave. Its architects designed it with ribbed vaults : an innovation that was the harbinger of Gothic art in the early 12th century.

 

The Merveille s reached through the Knights' Hall 14. Built to hold up the cloister, this was the

work and study room of the monks. Much of their intellectual work has come down to us: the

abbey's manuscripts are preserved at Avranches.

 

The visit to the Merveille ends at the almonry 15 on the first floor beneath the Guests' Hall.

This was the place where the monks received the poor as well as pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

 

Architecture

A unique plan

The abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel is a unique building: its plan is unlike that of any other

monastery. Constrained by the pyramidal shape of the Mount, its medieval builders wrapped

the buildings around the granite rock.

The abbey church, situated at the top, stands on crypts that create a platform designed to take

the weight of a church 80 metres long.

 

   * Side aisle : Aisle running alongside the nave of a building

   * Buttresses : Pillars projecting from a wall to support it.

   * Rule of Saint Benedict : Enacred by Benedict of Nursia in the 6th century for his

                                    monastery at Monte Cassino in Italy, this rule stipulates

                                    a life of prayer and work; it is observed by the

                                    Benedictines among others.

 

The building known as the Merveille, often regarded as the jewel of the abbey's architecture, is evidence of the architectural mastery of its 13th century builders who succeeded in perching

two blocks of 3-storey buildings on a steep rocky slope. This required very precise technical

calculations. on the ground floor, the narrow side aisle* of the cellar acts as a buttress.

Above that the supports of the first two storeys of the western building are stacked on top of

one another.

 Finally, the structures become progressively lighter towards the top.

On the outside, the building is supported by powerful buttresses*.

The layout and architecture of the buildings is influenced by the guiding principles of monastic

life.

 

The rule of Saint-Benedict*, observed by the monks of the Mount, dictated that their days be

devoted to prayer and work, so the rooms were organised around these two activities and the

space was reserved exclusively for the monks to respect the principle of an enclosed order.

Again, faithful to this principle, the rooms set aside to receive the laity were put on the ground

floor and first floor of the Merveille. The construction of the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel therfore

conformed to two major impressives: the requirements of monastic life and the constraints of

topography.

 

 

The archangel Michael

The worship of Saint Michael

 

 

Saint Michael, head of the heavenly militia, was of great importance to Medieval religious

sensibility. In the New Testament, Saint Michael appears in the Book of Revelation: he fights and

defeats a dragon, symbol of the devil. To Medieval man living in expectation and dread of the

hereafter, Saint Michael was the one who led away the dead and put their souls in the balance

on the day of the last judgement. Very widespread in the East from the 4th century, the worship

of Saint Michael only appeared in the West in the late 5th century with the building of the first

sanctuary at Monte Gargano (Italy) in 492. Around the year 1000, churches and chapels

dedicated to the Saint proliferated all over Europe, often on the top of hills of promontories.

After the Hundred Years War, devotion to Saint Michael took on a special dimension because of

the resistance of the Mount against the English.

Finally, this worship expanded rapidly with the Counter-Reformation, for in the eyes of the

Church it was only the warlike angel who could fight against the Protestant heresy. In Christian

iconography, Saint Michael is often depicted holding a sword and a set of scales.

Popular traditions and cults have made Saint Michael the patron saint of knights and of all guilds

associated with arms and scales. The statue that stands on top of the belfry has the traditional

attributes of the archangel. It was made in 1897 by the sculptor Emmanel Frémiet and

commissioned by the architect Victor Petitgrand who wanted to see the new 32-metre steeple

suitably crowned. The statue was restored in 1987

 

Centre des monuments nationaux

Abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel

50116 Le Mont-Saint-Michel

tel. 02 33 89 80 00

fax 02 33 70 83 08

www.monuments-nationaux.fr/en

 

Abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel

Restauration des couvertures de I'abbaye

 

 

 

Le Centre des monuments nationaux

The Centre des monuments naionaux, a public body run by the Ministry for Culture and

Communication, manages some 100 monuments belong to the State and their respective

collections. It is responsilbe for their conservation, restroation and upkeep, staffing sites with

the aim of making them as accessible as possible to the general public.

 

In view of their dilapidated condition, the roofs of several buildings on Mont Saint Michel need

to be restored: the abbatial houses, the Gabriel tower, the monks' dormitory, the infirmary in

the north buildings of the Romanesque abbey, and the stair turret in the fortified gatehouse.

The roofs on the monument (except the Gabriel tower) are restored using thick slate tiles from

Corrèze-Travassac, which have similar characteristics to Sizun and Locquirec slate, which was

once used on the abbey but whose extraction has now been discontinued. The restoration of

the roofs therefore not only provides a response to an urgent situation, but will also bestow an

overall aesthetic harmony to this group of structures, which is highly visible on arrival at

Mont-Saint-Michel. The lead ridge capping is eliminated and replaced by varnished hollow button

tiles, like the ones used on the abbatial church and other buildings on Mont-Saint-Michel.

The lead gutters and eavesgutters are restored and finished off. Copper down pipes and half

round gutters are added to hold back the strong runoff on the walls and in the Grand Degré

Intérieur (large interior steps).

 

On the Gabriel tower, a building that was much modified in the 19th century, it would not be

appropriate to use the same thick slating as on the rest of the abbey. The fine slate tiling laid

with hooks has therefore been replaced by 4 to 5 mm thick slate laid with nails, which should

prove more durable on a very exposed building. The dormers in the shape of small skylights

are being kept, which preserves the earlier restoration.

 

- 안내문에서 -

 

몽생미셀은 밀물이 고립시키는 섬에 지은 세계에서 가장 유명한 수도원으로 도버 해협의 영국 쪽 절벽과 해안선을 따라 난 노르망디의 아름다운 풍광은 그 자체로도 여행자들에게 많이 알려져 있다.

물론 우리나라 사람들은 짧은 여행 일정에 이 지역을 빼놓는 경우가 많다.

옹플뢰르의 예쁜 항구, 베이외 타페스트리, 팔레즈에 잇는 정복왕 윌리엄의 탄생지, 리시유에 있는 성 테레사 성당, 지베르니에 있는 클로드 모네의 유명한 정원이 몽생미셸과 함께 우리에게 다가온다.

몽생미셸로 가는 버스가 많고 가격이 싸기 때문에 이곳으로 가볼 것을 권한다.

다른 방법으로는 TGV로 렌까지 가서 직행버스를 이용해 몽생미셸로 들어가는 것이다.

또 다른 방법은 생 말로에서 버스로 들어갈 수 있는데 싼 가격에 1박을 할 수 있는 숙소도 많고 1시간이면 들어가 볼 수 있다.

몽생미셀은 시시이 숲(Foret de Sissy) 가운데 솟아있던 산이었지만, 노르망디의 거친 해일로 인해 지금 같은 섬이 되었다. 만조 때에는 섬이 되는 몽생미셸의 수도원은 육지로 긴 둑이 연결되어 있다. 예전에는 이 수도원을 찾은 순례자들이 밀물의 속도가 너무 빨라 목숨을 잃기도 하였다. 왕의 문을 지나 좁은 길가에는 중세 풍의 선물가게와 레스토랑 등이 즐비해 있고, 여러 개의 문을 거쳐 수도원에 이르면 귀빈실과 기사의 방, 127개의 돌기둥으로 둘러 쌓인 회랑 등으로 이루어져있다.

이곳은 700년대 초에 세워진 이후 백년전쟁에서는 영국군에 대항하는 요새로서 사용되었고, 나폴레옹 시대에는 감옥으로 사용되기도 하였다. 현재 수도원의 모습은 708년 아브량슈의 주교인 쌩또베르가 꿈속에서 성 미카엘의 계시를 받고 16세기까지 지속적인 건축을 통하여 지금의 모습에 이르렀다.

 

8세기 노르망디의 주교 오베르가 대천사 미카엘의 계시를 받아 지은 예배당이며, 15세기에는 수도원의 중앙부분이 고딕양식으로 다시 지어졌으며, 현재는 유네스코 세계 문화 유산으로 등록 되어있다.

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