East Baths. 로마 목욕탕(Roman Baths). 바스(Bath)

East Baths. 로마 목욕탕(Roman Baths). 바스(Bath). 영국(England)

 

romanbaths.co.uk

 

원래 그레이트 바스(Great Baths)에서 나온 따뜻한 물로 채워진 두개의 작은 탕으로 이루어져 있었으며, 350년동안 수차례에 걸쳐 확장되고 재개발 되었습니다. 온돌 기둥은 모자이크로 장식된 콘크리트 바닥을 지탱하고 있는데 지금은 단 한개만 남아 있습니다. 작은 반원형의 욕조에는 돌의자가 있어 방문객들이 목까기 물에 담그고 앉아 있을 수 있었습니다. 물은 파이프를 통해 땅속으로부터 끌어올린 것 이었습니다.

 

 

Carved Stones from teh Great Bath

 

Carved Stones from teh Great Bath

 

East Baths

 

 

Immersion Pool

Balneum

 

Semi-circular bath

This was probably a warm water immersion bath used for treatment. It was fed by the lead pipe which runs beside the Great Bath.

 

Swimming Bath

Natatio

 

 

 

Hot Room

Caldarium

 

Warm Room

Tepidarium

 

 

Changing Room

Apodyterium

 

 

 

Swimming Bath

 

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The Origins of Roman bathing

Two traditions came together to creat the Roman style of bathing.

The ancient Greeks had public baths which contained individual hip baths in rooms heated by charcoal braziers and in their exercise halls there were facilities for cold water showers. In southern Italy farmhouses sometimes had a small room that worked like a sauna, next to the kitchen.

 

Ther merging of these traditions in the 2nd century BC created an aesthetic and leisurely approach to bathing which was not simply a means of getting clean but also an end in itself. Around 80BC the development of the hypocaust, a system of underfloor heating, enabled rooms in a bath house to be heated to a higher and more uniform temperature.

 

Greek stone relief of the 4th century BC showing an athlete using a strigil.

CM Dixon

 

Hip baths in the small public bath-house in the Greek colony of Gela, Sicily, 3rd century BC.

Fikret Yegul

 

Plan of the simple arrangement of rooms in the early Stabian Baths, Pompeii, Italy.

Dating to the 2nd century BC it is the earliest example of Roman public baths.

Fikret Yegul

 

The hot room in the Forum Baths, dating to 80BC, in Pompeii, Italy

CM Dixon

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The bathing routine

A visit to the baths could last for the whole afternoon. Men and women would often bathe together, except in very large establishments where two separate suites might be provided. Although no clothing was usually worn, wooden sandals were necessary to protect the bather's feet in those room with underfloor heating.

 

Roman bathing did not use a lot of water

 

The basic sequence was follows:

 

1. Undress in the changing room (apodyterium) leaving clothes and possessions in the care of

    a slave.

2. Enter the warm room (tepidarium) where you would acclimatise to the heat.

3. Move to the hottest room, (caldarium) where there might be hot tubs for lying in or splashing

    oneself with. A bell might ring to summon the bathers when the water had reached the best

    temperature.

4. In some bath houses there was a small room of intense dry heat (Iaconicum), rather like a

    sauna.

5. The bather would be oiled, massaged and then scraped clean with a strigil.

6. The bather the returned through the rooms in descending order of heat and the experience

    might end with a plunge into a cold bath!

 

A strigil and old flask from the British Museum collection

British Museum

 

Wooden clogs from the Roman Fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall were

probably used in the bath house to protect the feet from hot floors.

Roman Vindolanda, Hadrian's Wall

 

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Roman baths in Britain

Bath houses have been found in many sites in Roman Britain such as military camps, towns, private town houses and rural villas. The bath house at Aquae Sulis is exceptional both for its great size in what was a small town and because it had a religious dimension. Bath house in Britain were normally secular

 

Reconstruction view of the civic baths in Wroxeter in the 2nd century AD.

ⓒ English Heritage Photographic Library/Jeremy Richards

 

Mosaic in the warm room and the hypocaust of the hot room, in the west wing baths,

Chedworth Villa, Gloucestershire.

National Trust Photographic Library/Ian Shaw

 

The bath house in Chesters Fort on Hadrian's Wall.

ⓒ English Heritage Photographic Library

 

View of the north wall of the cold room (frigidarium),

Wroxeter bath house, Shropshire.

ⓒ English Heritage Photographic Library

 

View of the 1930s excavations of the mosaic in the baths of a 2nd century town house

in Verulamium, Hertfordshire.

ⓒ St Albans Museums

 

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Roman baths around the Empire

Bath houses were symbols of Roman civilisation and wer found in all parts of the Empire. Going to the baths was a daily ritual for many people. The baths were the social heart of any town, often acting as an informal community centre or club. In rural areas where the public town baths wer far away, farms and villas often had their own private bath suites. Basth houses ranged in size from the simplest facilities attached   house to enormous, elaborate and odiate Imperial Baths found in Rome.

Public baths were often busy places employing a large number of staff and slaves. People did not just bathe there. They might also exercise and pass time in conversation, conduct business,

play games of dice and eat snacks.

 

The restored facade of the bath-gymnasium complex

at Sardis in modern Turkey

Fikret Yegul

 

The ruined Baths of Caracalla in Rome.

Janet DeLaine

 

Reconstruction of the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.

Permission granted by Reader's Digest

Association Limited, - Journeys into the Past -

Life in Ancient Rome ⓒ 1996

 

The Imperial Baths at Trier in Germany

 

The Licinian Baths at Thugga in Tunisia.

CM Dixon

 

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Thermo-mineral baths

Thermo-mineral baths, like these at Aquae Sulis, were not like ordinary bath houses. They were fed by natural hot sprins, which were considered to be sacred places, protected by a god or goddess. People came long distances to bathe in their special waters, often seeking a cure for an ailment. They would pray to the guardian deity for help and might make an offering at the temple before bathing in the waters.

 

The most famous thermo-mineral baths in the Roman world were at Baiae near modern Naples.

Here an enormous resort developed beside the volcanic Phelagrean fields. Many baths and curative facilities were cut into the natural rock. The site was destroyed by vocanic activity in the 15th century AD.

Fikret Yegul

 

At Hammat Gader in Israel natural hot springs fed a large baths complex.

Fikret Yegul

 

The best preserved thermo-mineral baths in the Roman world are here at Bath.

 

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Roman bathing today

The western part of the Roman Empire was overrun in the 5th century AD by peoples from northern and eastern Europe with no tradition of bathing. With disuse, bath houses fell into disrepair and ruin. In the eastern part of the Empire the tradition of bathing continued. When the eastern Roman Empire was finally overrun by the Turks in 1453 AD the tradition survived and   . It is known today as Turkish bathing and in the 19th century was re-introduced to western Europe.

 

Turkish baths retain many of the elements of Roman bathing - the sequence of hot rooms and clod plunges, the sweat baths, massage and the use of the hypocaust for heating. Turkish bathing is a leisurely and relaxing experience, but unlike in Roman times, the sexes are strictly segregated and exercise is not part of the process

 

Milton Street Turkish Basths, Swindon.

Swindon Health Hydro

 

 

Turkish Baths, Harrogate.

Harrogate Turkish Baths

 

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